redox buffer glutathione Regulation of the homeostasis by (GSH), thioredoxin Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Common

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10.1111/jog.12050 156

biotinoyl peptide

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They added GHK-Cu in concentrations of 10⁻¹² M to 10⁻⁶ M and measured: Collagen synthesis (by radioactive proline incorporation) Non-collagen protein synthesis Cell proliferation What they found: Stimulation of collagen synthesis by 70 % at the optimal concentration of 10⁻⁹ M (1 nM) The effect was NOT dependent on increased proliferation, fibroblasts increased production per cell Background: GHK without copper had a dramatically weaker effect , Cu²⁺ is critical Reversibility: After removing GHK-Cu, synthesis returned to baseline Why it matters: This is the fundamental mechanistic study that documented the effect of GHK-Cu on collagen